The Dabate of Using Corporal Punishment to Correct Children

Corporal punishment has been long debated as a method of correcting children, yet other methods of discipline should also be subject to rigorous scientific inspection. Although corporal punishment was used as the main example throughout the discussion of this model, it is equally applicable to other forms of parental discipline. A recurrent concern within the literature has been the question of the confidence with which one may make inferences that corporal punishment contributes to increases in antisocial behavior among children. One can argue that the empirical literature has insufficient evidence to declare the condemnation of corporal punishment as a disciplinary tool. Statistically, there is an answered question about whether there are unmeasured variables that vary across children who experience corporal punishment and those who do not. These variables (stress, anger management, income†¦) can be at the root of the difference in behavior problems that are seen between those children whose parents use corporal punishment and those whose parents do not. If an association between corporal punishment and antisocial behavior are observed, it will be difficult to be certain that this was a direct association rather than an association that could be a result of an unmeasured ability to manage stress. Since corporal punishment occurs rarely and escapes the possibility of observation, researchers interested in the effects of corporal

The Impact of Korean Tv Dramas on Taiwanese Tourism Demand Free Essays

string(123) " decrease occurred in 2003 because of the negative effect of the SARS outbreak in Taiwan on Taiwanese overseas departures\." Tourism Economics, 2009, 15 (4), 867–873 Research note: The impact of Korean TV dramas on Taiwanese tourism demand for Korea HYUN JEONG KIM School of Hospitality Business Management, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-742, USA. E-mail: jennykim@wsu. edu. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Korean Tv Dramas on Taiwanese Tourism Demand or any similar topic only for you Order Now MING-HSIANG CHEN Department of Finance, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, ROC. E-mail: finmhc@ccu. edu. tw. HUNG-JEN SU Department of Management, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, ROC. E-mail: bmaes@ccu. edu. tw. This study examines the effects of popular Korean TV dramas on Taiwanese outbound travel to Korea between 1997 and the end of 2005. The popularity of Korean TV dramas began with the drama Fireworks, first shown in Taiwan from July to September 2000. Based on that information, the data were divided into two subsamples: January 1997 to September 2000 and October 2000 to December 2005. The Chow tests revealed a significant structural change in the total number of Taiwanese visitors to Korea between the two sample periods. Additional analyses indicated that a significant structural change was attributable mainly to the increase in pleasure travel, further demonstrating the strong effects of Korean TV series in Taiwan. Empirical results support the concept of film-induced tourism. Keywords: TV drama; Korea; Taiwan; outbound travel; Chow tests Traditionally, South Korea has focused on exporting manufactured goods. However, recently, the country has become known for exporting entertainment products. In May 1994, the Korean Presidential Advisory Board on Science and Technology released its first report regarding the impact of digital technology on economic development. The report pointed out that the Hollywood film Jurassic Park generated revenue equivalent to foreign sales of 1. million Hyundai cars (Shim, 2002). The comparison between Hyundai cars and 868 TOURISM ECONOMICS Hollywood films drew the country’s attention to the importance of media content to the national economy. Since then, the Korean government has declared the high value-added audiovisual industry as one of the national strategic industries for the next century. In 1995, the government enacted the Motion Picture Promotion Law, with incentives such as tax breaks to encourage corporations to invest in the film industry (Shim, 2002). Korean TV dramas did not travel much beyond the national border until the late 1990s. Along with the Korean government’s support for the film industry, Korean TV dramas began to be broadcast in Asia, the Middle East, Eastern Europe and Russia (Lin and Huang, 2006). The Taiwanese media coined the slogan ‘Korean Wave’ in 2001, in response to the phenomenal popularity of the Korean pop culture in Taiwan (Chang et al, 2005). Not only has Taiwan been engulfed by the ‘Korean Wave’, but also Japan, China, Singapore and Malaysia (Lin and Huang, 2006). The popularity of Korean TV dramas in Taiwan began with Fireworks, first aired in 2000. The programme was an enormous success and it was rerun several times over the years, thereby forming the foundation of the ‘Korean Wave’ in Taiwan (Sung, 2008). Since Fireworks, more than 100 Korean soap operas have been shown in Taiwan (Lin and Huang, 2006). The Korean TV programmes have led to a dramatic change in the negative image associated with Korea; for example, roughness, violence and a lack of cultural refinement (Sung, 2008). Taiwanese people are now more willing to purchase Korean consumer goods (Onishi, 2005), join an international trip to Korea (Onishi, 2005) or learn the Korean language (Sung, 2008). Lee (2005) argued that the popularity of Korean TV dramas and movies overseas could launch a second economic boom for South Korea, particularly benefiting the entertainment and tourism industries. Lee (2005) stated that according to the export statistics of South Korean TV dramas, Taiwan was a leading importer (24. 5%), followed by Japan (19%), China (18. 6%) and Hong Kong (3. %). Accordingly, this study tests the influence of the popularity of Korean TV series in Taiwan on the number of Taiwanese tourists travelling to Korea. Although previous studies have discussed the effect of films on tourism (Tooke and Baker, 1996; Riley et al, 1998), no formal statistical tests have been performed to examine the significant increase in visitation and there has been no focus on a specific overseas audience. Taiwanes e tourism demand for Korea: from 1980 to 2005 Geographically, South Korea and Taiwan are very close to each other. After World War II, both countries perceived each other as political allies until the early 1990s. For 12 years (1980–1992), the number of Taiwanese visitors to Korea increased gradually from 76,995 to 302,184, with an average annual growth rate of 14. 59% (see Figure 1 for the monthly travel flow from Taiwan to Korea). However, in August 1992, Korea severed diplomatic ties with Taiwan to pursue its relationship with China. In 1993, the travel flow collapsed dramatically, by almost 60%, after the end of the political relationship. The low Taiwanese demand for travel to Korea lasted about eight years (1993– 2000), with a negative annual growth rate of –8. 84%. Taiwanese tourism demand for Korea Total outbound departures 800,000 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 1 869 1 2 3 4 Taiwanese tourist arrivals to Korea 50,000 1 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 2 3 4 Figure 1. Monthly time series of total Taiwanese outbound departures (all countries) and total Taiwanese tourist arrivals in Korea: 1/1980–12/2005. Note: Dotted line 1 – end of political relationship between Korea and Taiwan (8/1992). Dotted line 2 – earthquake of 21 September (9/1999). Dotted line 3 – start of the popularity of Korean TV series in Taiwan (10/2000). Dotted line 4 – outbreak of SARS in Taiwan (4/2003). Starting in 2001, the number of Taiwanese tourists travelling to Korea increased rapidly, although political ties were not renewed. Experts attribute the sudden travel flow to Korea to the unprecedented popularity of Korean TV dramas in Taiwan (Onishi, 2005). The growth rate of the travel flow to Korea (28. 9%) in a short period is impressive: 108,831 in 2000 to 368,205 in 2005. One sharp decrease occurred in 2003 because of the negative effect of the SARS outbreak in Taiwan on Taiwanese overseas departures. You read "The Impact of Korean Tv Dramas on Taiwanese Tourism Demand" in category "Essay examples" However, the number of Taiwanese visitors to Korea rebounded quickly. In 2004, to a ccommodate the strong tourism demand for Korea, Taiwan signed a new aviation agreement with 870 PLEASURE 40,000 TOURISM ECONOMICS BUSINESS 300 250 30,000 200 20,000 150 100 10,000 50 0 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 0 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 OFFICIAL 3,000 2,500 2,000 60 1,500 40 1,000 500 0 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 OTHER 100 80 20 0 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 Figure 2. Monthly time-series data of Taiwanese tourist arrivals in Korea: different purposes for visitation (1/1997–12/2005). Korea to resume flights between the two countries, ending a 12-year suspension on regular flight services (Government Information Office, 2005). Data, hypotheses and tests of structural changes Figure 1 presents monthly time-series data of total Taiwanese overseas travel (all countries) from January 1980 to December 2005; data were obtained from various issues of the annual report on tourism by the Taiwan Tourism Bureau. Figure 1 also plots the monthly data of total Taiwanese outbound travel to Korea over the same period. Data were collected from the Korea National Tourism Organization’s (KNTO) Taipei office. Figure 2 illustrates monthly data of Taiwanese arrivals to Korea in terms of purposes for visiting: pleasure, business, official and other. Data from the KNTO Taipei office were available for only nine years, from January 1997 to December 2005. KNTO (2006) reported that in 2005 pleasure trips accounted for 94. 1% of the total Taiwanese travel to Korea; in the same year, business, official and other categories accounted for only 0. 23%, 4. 86% and 0. 10%, respectively. To examine whether the popularity of Korean TV dramas in Taiwan has a Taiwanese tourism demand for Korea 871 significant impact on Taiwanese travel to Korea, we hypothesize that there is a structural change in the total number of Taiwanese trips to Korea before and after October 2000. This date is selected because the first popular Korean TV drama, Fireworks, ended in September 2000. To investigate the ffects of the popularity of Korean TV dramas further, we test if there is a structural change in total outbound departures (all countries) before and after October 2000. We expect no structural change in total outbound departures if the significant increase in Taiwanese overseas travel is restricted to South Korea, due to popular Korean TV dramas rather than the overall growth of outbound travel in Taiwan. In addition, we apply the same hypothesis to the different purposes for visitation (business, pleasure, official and other) to see which type of visit is affected more significantly by the popularity of Korean TV series. Accordingly, the following hypotheses are tested: †¢ Hypothesis 1: There is a structural change in the total number of Taiwanese visitors to Korea before and after October 2000. †¢ Hypothesis 2: There is a structural change in the total Taiwanese outbound departures before and after October 2000. †¢ Hypothesis 3: There is a structural change in the number of Taiwanese pleasure trips to Korea before and after October 2000. †¢ Hypothesis 4: There is a structural change in the number of Taiwanese business trips to Korea before and after October 2000. Hypothesis 5: There is a structural change in the number of Taiwanese official trips to Korea before and after October 2000. †¢ Hypothesis 6: There is a structural change in the number of trips of the other category before and after October 2000. We used two Chow tests, namely the Chow breakpoint test and the Chow forecast test, to ensure the consistency of structural break test results. To perform the tests, the fu ll sample period is divided into two subsamples: January 1997 to September 2000 and October 2000 to December 2005. The results of the Chow breakpoint test (Table 1) show a significant structural change in the total number of Taiwanese visitors to Korea, but no structural change in the total Taiwanese outbound departures before and after October 2000. In addition, structural changes are detected in pleasure travel and official travel, but no significant structural change is found in business and other travel. In conclusion, the Chow breakpoint test results support Hypotheses 1, 3 and 5. Table 1. Tests of a structural change in the number of Taiwanese visitors: before and after the popularity of Korean TV series. Tourist arrivals Total outbound departures Total Pleasure Taiwanese visitors to Korea Yes Yes Yes Yes Business Official Other Chow breakpoint test Chow forecast test No No No No Yes No No Yes 872 TOURISM ECONOMICS The Chow forecast test produced similar results, with a minor difference in the results of travel purposes (Table 1). Structural changes are detected in the total number of Taiwanese visitors to Korea, pleasure travel and other travel; no structural changes are found in the total Taiwanese outbound departures and business and official travel before and after 2000. Therefore, Hypotheses 1, 3 and 6 are supported. Discussion and conclusion This study conducts tests of structure changes to examine the effects of popular Korean TV dramas on Taiwanese outbound travel to Korea from January 1997 to December 2005. The two Chow tests demonstrate a structural change in the total number of Taiwanese visitors to Korea between two periods: before and after October 2000 (before and after the showing of the Korean drama Fireworks). In addition, the fact that there is no structural change in the total number of Taiwanese outbound departures suggests that the significant increase in travel flow to Korea is an independent phenomenon, not associated with the overall growth of outbound departures in Taiwan. Chow tests, using travel purposes, do not show that business travel has a significant structural change, indicating that the number of Taiwanese travellers coming to Korea for business is not changed significantly before nd after 2000. For official and other travel, the results of two Chow tests are mixed; therefore, it may be difficult to support the existence of a structural change. Among four groups, only pleasure travel consistently shows a structural change through both Chow tests. This indicates that pleasure travel most likely drives a structural change in the total number of Taiwanese visitors to Korea before and after 2000, thereby further demonstrating the significant effects of popular Korean dramas in Taiwan. If Korean TV dramas, staged in Taiwan over the past few years, were linked to travel motivation, the effect would be seen on pleasure trips rather than other types. Overall, this study presents strong evidence regarding the effects of film on overseas travellers and supports the concept of film-induced tourism (Tooke and Baker, 1996; Kim et al, 2007). After diplomatic ties ended in 1992, South Korea was perceived by the Taiwanese as a violent country and one that overnight traded loyalty and faith for economic gains (Choe, 2001). Although this study does not measure the image/perception change, it is reasonable to assume that the popular Korean TV dramas have had a positive influence on the image of Korea, thereby leading to more Taiwanese pleasure trips to Korea. This study, therefore, confirms indirectly that movies, specifically TV dramas, can be an effective vehicle to change the perception of a certain destination country and further ease political conflict between two countries by stimulating social/pleasure travel flow (Kim et al, 2007). The film-induced tourism of this study is therefore in line with earlier notions that tourism is likely to act as a positive force to promote peace by reducing tension and suspicion (D’Amore, 1988). The great success of Korean TV dramas in neighbouring Asian countries such as Taiwan seems to offer an opportunity to consider countries further away than Asia. Due to globalization, outbound travels from the West to the East (and vice versa) are increasing constantly. The West may learn Asian culture, Taiwanese tourism demand for Korea 873 specifically Korean culture, through Korean dramas or movies. Therefore, the Korean government should develop the deeper understanding resulting from film-induced tourism to promote South Korea as a more appealing travel destination in the world. Future research directions The analysis of the present study is at a general level, breaking down Taiwanese arrivals only by total and purpose of visit. It is useful to identify the detailed profile of Taiwanese visitors drawn by popular Korean TV dramas. Hence, it is recommended that future research of this kind includes demographic variables such as gender, age and occupation. In addition to Taiwanese tourists, similar analyses should be performed using visitors from other countries/places where Korean TV programmes are broadcast. Currently, the film-induced tourism demand for Korea is being generated from East and South East Asian countries where the ‘Korean Wave’ exists strongly. In Asia, each country has its unique cultural character and economic power. Some demographic or behavioural differences may be found among these Asian visitors to Korea. References Chang, H. , Chen, Y. , and Liu, Z. 2005), ‘Korean Wave swept through and took away a large chunk of money’, China Times, 12 May 12 (http://news. chinatimes. com/Chinatimes, accessed 12 October 2007). Choe, Y. (2001), ‘Asia dreaming of Korea’s pop singers and actors’, Korea Herald, 11 September (http://kn. koreaherald. co. kr/SITE/data/html_dir/2001/09/11/200109110034. asp, accessed 13 October 2007). D’Amore, L. (1988), ‘Tourism: a vital force for peace’, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 15, pp 269– 270. Government Information Office (2005), Foreign Relations, Government Information Office, Taipei, Taiwan. Kim, S. S. , Agrusa, J. Lee, H. , and Chon, K. (2007), ‘Effects of Korean television dramas on the flow of Japanese tourists’, Tourism Management, Vol 28, pp 1340–1353. KNTO (Korea National Tourism Organization) (2006), ‘Overview of Korea’s tourism industry’ (http://www. knto. or. kr, accessed 13 October 2007). Lee, D. (2005), ‘Winter sonata drama fever’, UNIORB: Asian Trend: Japan/South Korea (http:// uniorb. com/ATREND/Japanwatch/wsdramafever. htm, accessed 12 October 2007). Lin, Y. , and Huang, J. (2006), ‘Marketing of South Korean tourism using TV mini series’, Business Review, Vol 5, pp 61–65. Onishi, N. 2005), ‘Roll over, Godzilla: Korea rules’, The New York Times, 28 June. Riley, R. , Baker, D. , and Van Doren, C. S . (1998), ‘Movie induced tourism’, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 23, pp 919–935. Shim, D. (2002), ‘South Korean media industry in the 1990s and the economic crisis’, Prometheus, Vol 20, pp 337–350. Sung, S. (2008), ‘The high tide of the Korean Wave III: why do Asian fans prefer Korean pop culture? ’ Korea Herald, 4 February. Tooke, N. , and Baker, M. (1996), ‘Seeing is believing: the effect of film on visitor numbers to screened locations’, Tourism Management, Vol 17, pp 87–94. How to cite The Impact of Korean Tv Dramas on Taiwanese Tourism Demand, Essay examples

The Rise of Irish Nationalism in the Nineteenth Century free essay sample

Ireland at this time was a deeply divided society. Catholic’s and Presbyterians made up eighty five percent of the population, yet they had no power what so ever and were very ill treated. That power belonged to the Church of Ireland. It was they who held all the parliamentary and government jobs. But this was a time in Irish history that was about to see a change. For too long had the lower class been subject to penal laws and below standard conditions. The French revolution rekindled the dream that Ireland could one day become a free and independent nation again. And it was a young protestant lawyer called Theobald Wolfe Tonne, who would go on to be known as the father of Irish republicanism, who ignited the flame in the search for a free Ireland. The formation of the United Irishmen in 1791 was the catalyst of Irish nationalism. After achieving their original goal of alleviating religious discrimination, Wolfe Tonne and the United Irishmen, inspired by the French revolution, turned their attentions to freeing Ireland thus creating an Irish Republic. Wolfe Tonne travelled to France in 1796 to gain the support of the French revolutionists. Together they would return to Ireland to mount an attack on the British to break the connection with England. However this revolt never was in vain as high winds and rough seas prevented the French ships from landing. The significance of this failed invasion resulted in England being able to recover and strike back. They did so using ferocious methods. With martial law being declared, many rebels and those suspected of being rebels were severely dealt with, eventually resulting in the capture of most of the United Irishmen’s hierarchy. Not being deterred by military intervention, the rebels continued in their quest resulting in rural guerrilla war in Wicklow, Leinster and Kildare against military and loyalist forces. However, without the necessary leadership on the ground the rebellion eventually failed. (Pelling 2003). One significant outcome from the 1798 rebellion is that it was the start of a revolutionary period in Irish history. It was seen more as a retreat by the United Irishmen into secretive underground societies planning for the future, rather than defeat. (Pelling 2003). The 1798 rebellion also resulted in bringing Britain closer to Ireland. Fear of further rebellions and possible invasions by the French, the Act of Union came to pass in 1800 and Ireland’s parliament was voted out of existence. Protestants initially opposed the act on grounds of their Irish patriotism and the feeling within Catholics was that the rebellion was a cause of mistreatment of the Protestant ascendancy towards the public. Therefore it was deemed that union with Britain would lead to a more pacified and fair system for the Irish people. However Catholic opinion quickly reversed and was no longer in favour of union as promises of Catholic Emancipation were not fulfilled and led to disillusion and unrest. As a result of this self-determination for Ireland and nationalist ambitions grew stronger. The Catholic Church began to play a larger role in society with new church buildings opening over the country. Belfast’s economy began to prosper with the linen and brewery industries attracting more nationalists to the city. (Irishhistorylinks. net). The expansion of linen manufacturers in ulster sparked other enterprises, both industrial and commercial and the social and economic differences between ulster and the rest of the Ireland became more evident. Ulster Protestants now came to regard the union as the essential basis for their prosperity. (Beckett 1981). The first threat of nationalism after the union came in the form of an uprising by Robert Emmet. Emmet had a poorly armed army and almost certainly knew that chances of success were faint. But his rebellion was not about success. It was to remind everyone that 1798 was not forgotten and he wanted to spur on the rebels in their quest against the British. Emmet was evidently captured and sentenced to death. He did however have one small victory in his final speech. He requested that ‘no man write his epitaph until his county be free’. This speech had long lasting historical value, motivating republicans and nationalist movements from then to the present day. Daniel O’Connell became a great political influence in Ireland during the 1820’s. He had a significant effect on the political landscape in fighting for the rights of Catholics. He brought the grievances of Catholic’s to the forefront of constitutional Irish nationalism. The creation of Catholic rent and linking politics with religion made great strides in his campaign for Catholic Emancipation. O’Connell had always said that emancipation was only the first stage in his programme and that repeal of the union was his ultimate goal. He didn’t believe in the rebellions that went before him. He always felt it was best to assert themselves politically rather than use force. O’Connell wanted repeal of the union and for Ireland to run its own affairs, while at the same time keeping its link with Britain. The majority of people were angry that Catholic Emancipation brought no improvement in economic conditions but would still follow in whatever direction O’Connell would go. (Beckett 1981). Daniel O’Connell spent the next decade in Westminster during which time he got the tithes to the Church of Ireland abolished and improvements in Irish government, education and health care. O’Connell continued in his mission for repeal of the union. He and the Catholic Association held monster meetings and in 1843 the government intervened leading to the arrest of O’Connell. He was sent to jail for conspiracy but that was later overturned by the lords. It was after this period that O’Connell’s fight for repeal began to dwindle. Many felt O’Connell was the victim of his own success. Catholic Emancipation restored credibility to the union. Therefore O’Connell would find it extremely difficult to repeal a union that he effectively made stronger by winning emancipation. (Pelling 2003). When the Great Famine took hold of Ireland it created mass economic poverty for most of Irelands poor class, resulting in thousands of Irish people immigrating to America. Many people blamed England for not doing enough to help Ireland in this time of hardship. And it can be argued that this was the creation of the anti-English feeling which fuelled all manner of nationalist movements. At this same time in 1847 James Fintan Lalor emerged from total obscurity. Having spent most of his short life in England, Lalor became the driving force for the protection and well-being of Irish tenant farmers. Land was the main issue of his argument, so much so that he even claimed repeal of the union was of secondary importance. He made such a huge impact in his writings at a time when Ireland was in need of political and economical motivation. (Lyons 1985). As the famine ended there was still mass immigration and this continued through the 1850’s and into the 1860’s as the need for survival in Ireland became extreme. The revolt of the Young Irelanders in 1848 carried very little weight in England. Once followers of O’Connell, the Young Ireland movement published their extreme repealer newspaper ‘The Nation’ with emphasis on rebellion. The paper used Irish history to argue that Ireland could become ‘a nation once again’. Led by William Smith O’Brien, the Young Irelanders became incensed by the lack of support from Britain. O’Brien hoped to unite landlord and tenant to protest against British rule. The Young Ireland movement faded after the failed rebellion of 1848 but its ideas remained, exported to America with the formation of the Fenian Brotherhood. Irishhistorylinks. net). The 1850’s brought a new kind of politics centred upon the tenant farmer and in some ways this was a result of the famine. The creation of Tenant Leagues and eventually a National Land League became the main goal for a new powerful nationalist movement. The success of the Land movement, aided by Laler, eventually resulted in Gladstone’s 1881 Land Act and Tory Wyndham’s act of 1903. This also resulted in tenant farmers becoming owner-occupiers of their land. It could be said that for all the devastation the famine brought, it created a social revolution in Ireland’s countryside. Pelling 2003). The 1850’s also seen a rise in fenianism, leading to the formation of the Irish Republican Brotherhood in 1858 by James Stephens. Their agenda was to fight for Ireland as an Independent Democratic Republic. In the years to follow Stephens claimed to have 80,000 members; however that number seems to be slightly exaggerated given the scale of the 1867 rebellion. The rebellion failed largely due to the informing of a trusted fenian, JJ Croydon. But the rebellion would go down in history as another attempt to overthrow British rule of Ireland.

Ovarian Cancer Essays (3988 words) - Gynaecological Cancer, RTT

Ovarian Cancer Of all gynecologic malignancies, ovarian cancer continues to have the highest mortality and is the most difficult to diagnose. In the United States female population, ovarian cancer ranks fifth in absolute mortality among cancer related deaths (13,000/yr). In most reported cases, ovarian cancer, when first diagnosed is in stages III or IV in about 60 to 70% of patients which further complicates treatment of the disease (Barber, 3). Early detection in ovarian cancer is hampered by the lack of appropriate tumor markers and clinically, most patients fail to develop significant symptoms until they reach advanced stage disease. The characteristics of ovarian cancer have been studied in primary tumors and in established ovarian tumor cell lines which provide a reproducible source of tumor material. Among the major clinical problems of ovarian cancer, malignant progression, rapid emergence of drug resistance, and associated cross-resistance remain unresolved. Ovarian cancer has a high frequency of metastasis yet generally remains localized within the peritoneal cavity. Tumor development has been associated with aberrant, dysfunctional expression and/or mutation of various genes. This can include oncogene overexpression, amplification or mutation, aberrant tumor suppressor expression or mutation. Also, subversion of host antitumor immune responses may play a role in the pathogenesis of cancer (Sharp, 77). Ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma was first described by Peham in 1899 as "hypernephroma of the ovary" because of its resemblance to renal cell carcinoma. By 1939, Schiller noted a histologic similarity to mesonephric tubules and classified these tumors as "mesonephromas." In 1944, Saphir and Lackner described two cases of "hypernephroid carcinoma of the ovary" and proposed "clear cell" adenocarcinoma as an alternative term. Clear cell tumors of the ovary are now generally considered to be of mullerian and in the genital tract of mullerian origin. A number of examples of clear cell adenocarcinoma have been reported to arise from the epithelium of an endometriotic cyst (Yoonessi, 289). Occasionally, a renal cell carcinoma metastasizes to the ovary and may be confused with a primary clear cell adenocarcinoma. Ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma (OCCA) has been recognized as a distinct histologic entity in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of ovarian tumors since 1973 and is the most lethal ovarian neoplasm with an overall five year survival of only 34% (Kennedy, 342). Clear cell adenocarcinoma, like most ovarian cancers, originates from the ovarian epithelium which is a single layer of cells found on the surface of the ovary. Patients with ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma are typically above the age of 30 with a median of 54 which is similar to that of ovarian epithelial cancer in general. OCCA represents approximately 6% of ovarian cancers and bilateral ovarian involvement occurs in less that 50% of patients even in advanced cases. The association of OCCA and endometriosis is well documented (De La Cuesta, 243). This was confirmed by Kennedy et al who encountered histologic or intraoperative evidence of endometriosis in 45% of their study patients. Transformation from endometriosis to clear cell adenocarcinoma has been previously demonstrated in sporadic cases but was not observed by Kennedy et al. Hypercalcemia occurs in a significant percentage of patients with OCCA. Patients with advanced disease are more typically affected than patients with nonmetastatic disease. Patients with OCCA are also more likely to have Stage I disease than are patients with ovarian epithelial cancer in general (Kennedy, 348). Histologic grade has been useful as an initial prognostic determinant in some studies of epithelial cancers of the ovary. The grading of ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma has been problematic and is complicated by the multiplicity of histologic patterns found in the same tumor. Similar problems have been found in attempted grading of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the endometrium (Disaia, 176). Despite these problems, tumor grading has been attempted but has failed to demonstrate prognostic significance. However, collected data suggest that low mitotic activity and a predominance of clear cells may be favorable histologic features (Piver, 136). Risk factors for OCCA and ovarian cancer in general are much less clear than for other genital tumors with general agreement on two risk factors: nulliparity and family history. There is a higher frequency of carcinoma in unmarried women and in married women with low parity. Gonadal dysgenesis in children is associated with a higher risk of developing ovarian cancer while oral contraceptives are associated with a decreased risk. Genetic and candidate host genes may be altered in susceptible families. Among those currently under investigation is BRCA1 which has been associated with an increased susceptibility to breast cancer. Approximately 30% of ovarian adenocarcinomas express high levels of HER-2/neu oncogene which correlates with a poor prognosis (Altcheck, 375-376).

Leonardo Bruni essays

Leonardo Bruni essays Leonardo Bruni was born circa 1369-70 in Arezzo, Italy, which was the same place Petrach was born years before. Sometimes referred to as Aretino because of the city in which he was born, Leonardo went on to become almost as much a figure in the humanistic movement as Petrarch. Griffiths states that part of the reason that Bruni was so successful is because of his duel focus in scholarship of the mastery of classical literature and the study of the classical languages (9). Griffiths uses a term civic humanism (15) to describe a part of Bruni. This is the side of Bruni that was dedicated to public service. In 1405, he became the Apostolic secretary of Pope Innocent VII, and he held this position through two more Popes (Gregory XII and Alexander V). In 1410 he was elected Chancellor of the Republic of Florence, but found he preferred his secretarial duties. So he resigned and reclaimed his old position under yet another Pope, John XXIII. In 1415 Bruni returned to Florence for good. He was re-elected Chancellor in 1427 and held the position until his death (Harvard). It was during this stay that Leonardo wrote the work he is now most famous for: Historiariaum Florentinarum Populi Libri XII (Twelve books of Histories of the Florentine People). This book is a history of Florence and is written in Latin. Bruni was also the author of biographies of Dante and Petrarch, written in Italian, and Cicero and Aristotle, written in Latin (New Advent). Part of the reason that Bruni is famous today is that he was a great translator. Due to his studies, Leonardo was subjected to a great deal of writings in the classical language. He realized that not all people were so fortunate, and so decided to translate them: Plato, Plutarch, Xenophon, and others. Bruni developed the current style of translation called ad sententiam, according to the sense (Griffiths 10). This is not word-for-word translation, rather...

Intonation and Stress in English

Intonation and Stress in English Correct intonation and stress are the key to speaking English fluently with good pronunciation. Intonation and stress refer  to the music of the English language. Words that are stressed are key to understanding and using the correct intonation brings out the meaning.   Introduction to Intonation and Stress Exercise Say this sentence aloud and count how many seconds it takes. The beautiful mountain appeared transfixed in the distance.   Time required? Probably about five seconds. Now, try speaking this sentence aloud He can come on Sundays as long as he doesnt have to do any homework in the evening.   Time required? Probably about five  seconds. Wait a minute- the first sentence is much shorter than the second sentence! The beautiful Mountain appeared transfixed in the distance.  (14 syllables)He can come on Sundays as long as he doesnt have to do any homework in the evening.  (22 syllables) Even though the second sentence is approximately 30 percent longer than the first, the sentences take the same time to speak. This is because there are five stressed words in each sentence. From this example, you can see that you neednt worry about pronouncing every word clearly to be understood (we native speakers certainly dont). You should, however, concentrate on pronouncing the stressed words clearly. This simple exercise makes a very important point about how we speak and use English. Namely, English is considered a stressed language while many other languages are considered syllabic. What does that mean? It means that, in English, we give stress to certain words while other words are quickly spoken (some students say eaten!). In other languages, such as French or Italian, each syllable receives equal importance (there is stress, but each syllable has its own length). Many speakers of syllabic languages dont understand why we quickly speak, or swallow, a number of words in a sentence. In syllabic languages, each syllable has equal importance, and therefore equal time is needed. English however, spends more time on specific stressed words while quickly gliding over the other, less important, words. Simple Exercise to Help With Understanding The following exercise can be used by students and teachers to further help with pronunciation by focusing on the stressing content words rather than function words in the exercise below. Lets look at a simple example: The modal verb can. When we use the positive form of can we quickly glide over the can and it is hardly pronounced. They can come on Friday. (stressed words in  italics) On the other hand, when we use the negative form cant we tend to stress the fact that it is the negative form by also stressing cant. They cant come on Friday.  (stressed words in  italics) As you can see from the above example the sentence, They cant come on Friday is longer than They can come on Friday because both the modal cant and the verb come are stressed. Understanding Which Words to Stress To begin, you need to understand which words we generally stress and which we do not stress. Stress words are considered content words such as: Nouns (e.g., kitchen, Peter)(Most) main verbs   (e.g., visit, construct)Adjectives  (e.g., beautiful, interesting)Adverbs (e.g., often, carefully)Negatives including negative helping verbs, and words with no such as nothing, nowhere, etc.  Words expressing quantities (e.g., a lot of, a few, many, etc.) Non-stressed words are considered function words  such as: Determiners (e.g., the, a, some, a few)Auxiliary verbs (e.g., dont, am, can, were)Prepositions (e.g.,  before, next to, opposite)Conjunctions (e.g., but, while, as)Pronouns (e.g., they, she, us)Verbs have and be even when used as main verbs Practice Quiz Test your knowledge by identifying which words are content words and should be stressed in the following sentences: Theyve been learning English for two months.My friends have nothing to do this weekend.I would have visited in April if I had known Peter was in town.Natalie will have been studying for four hours by six oclock.The boys and I will spend the weekend next to the lake fishing for trout.Jennifer and Alice had finished the report before it was due last week. Answers: Words in italics are stressed content words while unstressed function words are in lower case. Theyve  been learning English for two months.My friends have nothing to do this weekend.I would have visited  in April  if i had known Peter was in town.Natalie will have been studying  for fours hours  by six oclock.The boys and i will spend the weekend next to the lake fishing for trout.Jennifer and Alice had finished the report before it was due last week. Continue Practicing Speak to your native English speaking friends and listen to how we concentrate on the stressed words rather than giving importance to each syllable. As  you begin to listen and use stressed words, you will discover words you thought you didnt understand are really not crucial for understanding the sense or making yourself understood. Stressed words are the key to excellent pronunciation and understanding of English. After students have learned basic  consonant  and vowel sounds, they should move  on to learning to differentiate between individual sounds by using  minimal pairs. Once they are comfortable with individual words, they should move on to intonation and  stress exercises  such as  sentence markup. Finally, students can take the next step by  choosing a focus word to help further improve their pronunciation.

Law of express trust Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law of express trust - Case Study Example It may be either a person or a legal entity; iv) Beneficiary, i.e. the person for whose benefit the trust was created. v) Purpose of the trust, i.e. the trust must have a purpose, which is legally valid. Express Trusts are further broadly classified into i) Living Trust: It is also known as inter vivos trust is made for the advantage of another during the lifetime of settlor. ii) Testamentary trusts: These are created by the will of the settlor. That means, the settlor's property will be converted into trust property only after his death. iii) Revocable Trusts: It is a trust where the setlor has full control over the trust property, and he can change or annul the trust at any time. This is a trust, which is at the whims and fancy of the settlor. iv) Irrevocable Trusts: As the name implies, this is a trust, which cannot be revocable except the consent of the beneficiaries, and trustees. Moreover, the trust does not fizzle out once the purpose of the trust is fulfilled. v) Fixed Trusts: These are those trusts where the trust property will be shared by the beneficiaries as per the calendar fixed by the settlor. In distributing the property, the trustee has no discretion to play. Gartsi de v IRC [1968] AC 553 the Inland Revenue argued that as each beneficiary might be entitled to income from the trust fund, they should each be charged as if they were entitled to the whole of the fund. vi) Discretionary Trusts: They are those trusts where the trustee has absolute power in management, administration and distribution and allocating the shares of the trust property to beneficiaries. This trust offers many tax benefits to the beneficiaries, as no interest is created to them until the property is distributed. Rights of beneficiaries: Under a discretioanry trust, the rights of individual beneficiaries are not clear. In Re Smith [1928] Ch 915 it was held that the trustees had to draw up a "complete list" of beneficiaries, but this principle is changed in McPhail v Doulton [1971] A.C. 424, 451, in case of family trust. Court's Jurisdiction: Schmidt v Rosewood Trust Ltd [2003] UKPC 26, [2003] 3 All ER 76: In this case the court held that 1) The court has inherent jurisdiction to supervise and even intervene in the administration of a trust if necessary. And there is no exception even in discretionary trust. 2) This inherent jurisdiction is the fundamental of law of trust. 3) The right to seek the court's intervention did not depend on entitlement to a fixed and transmissible interest. 3) The court has the discretion to intervene to maintain the balance between the competing interest of beneficiaries, the trustees and the third parties. Gartside v IRC [1968] 1 All ER 121 at 134.Re Manisty's Settlement [1973] 2 All ER 1203 at 1211-1212, Mettoy Pension Trustees Ltd v Evans [1991] 2 All ER 513 at 549. Questions: 1. Transactions made by the trustees in the course of management of trust property: The trustees made the following three transactions: 1. Sale Vintage care for 15,000 during the last year to Crowther's son, 2. Payment of legal management fee of 25,000 to the solicitors firm in which the trustees are partners. 3. Decided to invest from existing deposits in to a) partly

Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Contracts - Essay Example Minors or persons with unsound mind lack the capacity to contract. Upon acceptance of the offer, the offeree must provide a specific compensation for the promise fulfilled, often referred to as a consideration. Additionally, agreements only amount to contracts when formed with a legal purpose and with the intent to create a legal obligation between the parties involved. For this reason agreements between family members, with the exception of commercial agreements do not create a valid contracts. Certainty of the subject matter is another essential requirement of a valid contract since contracts cannot be based on ambiguity or unclear subject matter. Finally, agreements forming contracts must be mutual, coercion or undue influence invalidates a contract. The parole evidence rule holds that when the contracting parties agree to record their content of their agreement in writing, they often intend that whatever is written down to be the only reliable source of reference to the agreement, which supersedes any other terms and conditions agreed to during the bargain but not written. The basis of the parole evidence rule is that what is reflected in writing should be taken as a true representation of the terms of the contract. The parole evidence rule bars any parole evidence presented in addition to the written evidence. Assignment of rights in contract refers to a situation where the beneficiary to a contractual agreement willfully relinquishes all the rights to receive the aforesaid benefits to a third party, not initially considered in the contractual agreement. For example, if J agrees to sell his house to W for $3000, and then J transfers his right under the contract to pay the $ 3000 to X, X becomes the assignee and the legal beneficiary to the contract. This does not however, give X authority to execute the terms of the contract. In this case, J will only have delegated his duty to receive the consideration of $ 3000 to

Person essay Essay Example for Free

Person essay Essay The Most Important Person in my Life We all have someone that is really important to us, someone that has influenced us in our lifetime at some time or another and thanks to that person we are the person we are today. In my case that someone is my mother. My mother is really important to me because thanks to her I exist today, she gave me life .My mother is my best friend, my confident, she is the person that I trust the most in my life . I consider my mother as the most important person in my life because she has always been there for me, gave me all the things that I needed to keep going following my dreams. She is such of a good mother. I love my mother, even though we fight sometimes, I can’t live without her, she is my role model. My mother is a hardworking, supportive, friendly and caring person. My mother is a beautiful woman. She is the youngest of six siblings, she is forty years old. She has light brown skin and is about five feet six inches and 160 pounds. She has black short curly hair, which sometimes she straightens, but she usually keeps it curly. Her eyes are dark brown, like coffee. She has beautiful white teeth which shine when she smiles. On her face she has some freckles. Her eyebrows are black and she likes to shape them square .She also has her ear pierced. My mother wears jeans and blouses most of the time, she is very simple . On Sunday night you would see my mother sitting on the sofa watching T.V. When you first see my mother you will think that she is shy or isn’t a friendly person because of her character, but after you talk to her and know her well you will notice that she is a lovely person, funny, and nice person. On a Saturday morning you would see my mother getting ready to go the church, she usually wears long dress, or a long skirt with jacket, and she is very elegant. My mother is a hardworking woman. She has always worked in order to bring money to our house and to give my little brother and me a better life. She also work hard at home, she always makes sure that everything is okay in our house, she likes to have everything organized. I remember that when I was ten years old , my father moved to the United States in order to find a better way of life, leaving my mother , my brother and me in our country ,the Dominican Republic. After my father left home my mother had to do both roles, be the man and woman. She learned how to fix things at home, so she didn’t have to call someone else to do it. At  first when my father arrived here in the USA he didn’t have a job, so at that moment my mother was the only one that was working and bringing money to our house, but it wasn’t enough to support us. My mother was working in a company, but she didn’t receive a good pay, that’s why she decided to have two jobs. It wasn’t easy for my mother having two jobs, plus she had to do everything at home. I remember that she woke up every day early in the morning in order to prepare something to eat for my little brother and me, and then she had to get ready to work at her first job. After m y mother finished a job, she had to go to the other one, and then when she really ended up working she used to go home to help my brother and me with our homework. I don’t know how she was able to do so many things at the same time, but she did .She always tried to give us a good life. Nowadays, I see my mother, and I feel very proud of her. She taught me that nothing is easy in life that we have to work hard to get the things that we want. Sometimes I feel tired because I work and study at the same time , and sometimes I think that I can’t continue doing this and then I think about my mother, how hard she used to work and never gave up. She is my inspiration and role model. My mother is such a hardworking woman, this is one the qualities that I most admire about her. How nice it is having someone that supports you in every decision that you make in life. No matter what, every time that I need my mother’s support, she is always there for me. Most of the time when I have to make an important decision in my life, I talk to my mother before doing it. I remember that when I started working and studying at the same time, I felt like it was too much for me , because I was working and studying full time. At that moment I did not what to do because I really needed a job to help my mother to pay the bills , but I also wanted to continues my studies in order to have a better life. So one day I decided to talk to my mother about my situation. â€Å"Mommy I feel that working full and being a full time student is too much for me.† â€Å"So, what do you want to do?† She asked me. â€Å"I am thinking to leave my Job.† I replied. â€Å"Dawilsa whatever you think that is the best for you or you want to do, I support you.† She said. After I talked to my mother, I decided to just cut some hours in my job and work part time, so in that way  I would have more time to study, and do my homework on time. Thanks to my mother’s support I got good grades, and I felt most comfortable. I also remember that when I was about twelve years old my dream was to become a famous and professional dancer. So since I knew that my mother supports me in any decision that I make in life I talked to her about it. â€Å"Mom Do you know what is my biggest dream in life?† I asked her. â€Å"Yes, to become a famous dancer has always been your dream.† She replied. â€Å"Mom, Can I go to the dancer school that is in my school?† I insisted. â€Å"Sure, you can go to the dancer school anytime, that’s your dream and I support you. â€Å"She replied. After I talked to my mother I was jumping of happiness because she said yes. Few days later I started taking dance class. I felt so happy because one my dreams was starting to become true. I took one year of class on that dancer school , and then I had to leave it because I was too busy on school with my homework and did have enough time to go the dancer school .So since education comes first I decided to leave the dancer school. My mother is my support, she is like my right hand. My mother is very friendly. My mother has always been friendly with everybody, that’s why she knows a lot of people. It’s nice to be a friendly person because you have a lot of friends and you are also appreciated by other people. When I was a kid I didn’t like to go to the supermarket with my mother because she always found someone that she knew and then stop to talk with that person for a while. Even though I don’t like when I am with my mother and she stops to talk to everybody, it is always good to meet people from everywhere. I remember that one day before coming here I needed a paper from high school in order to be able to register in college, so my mother and I went to the school’s office. When we went and told the secretary what we needed she told us that to get that paper done would take a while. I really needed it right away because I was coming to the USA the day after. After a few minutes talking with the secretary, the manager arrived and since my mother knew him he came and helped us with the paper. Thanks to my mother I learned to be a friendly person and everywhere that I go I know many people. Being friendly is one the qualities that I most like about my mother. It helps to know people. Caring is part of my mother’s personality. It’s like she was born with this quality. My mother always takes care of my  father, my little brother and me. She is always asking me how I am doing in school or in my job. I remember few years ago, I was in the hospital because I was really sick .I stayed at the hospital for a whole week. My mother took vacation from her job because she wanted to stay with me, taking care of me, and making sure that I had everything that need. At that moment my mother showed me that she really care about me and how important I was to her. My mother is always up to me when I need an advice .When I am sad I go to see her and she gives me a hug and good advices and makes me feel much better. When I am sick she gives me medicine and everything that I need to get better .My mother is such blessing in my life. She is always ready to pour out her unconditional caring love to me and those around her. Being hardworking, supportive, friendly and caring are only a few of the attributes that I have learned from my mother. She taught me how to get things in life ,to keep going, it doesn’t matter what happens and never to give up .But ,one the most important things she taught me is how to be a good person. I love my mother, and I am more than proud to say that she is my mother. She has been a huge influence in my life, I will never finish paying and thanking my mother for all the things that she has done for me. Mommy, you are my role model.

Media and Violence Essay -- Social Issues, Aggression

Introduction In this essay I will be analysing whether less visual violence within the media would mean less violence on the streets. Firstly, I will be questioning whether there is a connection between the viewing of media violence and actual acting upon it. To do this I will analyse the usefulness of the different methods used to approach such as complex issue. To illustrate this I will use examples of different media forms that seem to have been a catalyst for acts of violence. I will then attempt to come to a conclusion on whether less media violence could mean less acts of violence. Define Firstly, to begin to analyse the media effects of violence one must define the term violence. The fact that there are several different levels of violence means that it will be difficult to define (Gauntlett, 2001). For example using abusive language can been seen as an act of violent and aggression to some, but to others may not view it as actual violence as there has not been any form of physical contact. A researcher will also have to look at the context in which the act of violence is acted upon, for example a pillow fight and punching some are both forms of aggression, yet they are interpreted differently (Boyle, 2005). One way violence can be defined is an act when an individual intentionally uses aggressive behaviour physically or mentally to creates fear and harm upon others. The media usually displays most acts of violence using a variety of mediums and different forms. In the 21st century there has been a technology boom whereby new and more complexes forms of media have emerged. There has been an increase in immersion and interaction amongst mediums such as the video game, television and mobile phones. For example, by usin... ...luencing crime such as gross structural inequality, poverty, consumer culture and youth alienation (Gauntlett, 2001). To pin point the media as the root cause of streets crime prevents society from dealing with the real issue. To conclude, even if the media had stopped or limited crime being presented, crime would still exist in one form or another. The media is a powerful to for creating aware of crimes but can also cause irrational fear which could then lead to alienation of a particular group. It could then be questioned if the media should limit the amount of crime shown, however in this post modern era technology has become so advanced that visual crime will always be accessible. Therefore, it cannot be said that less crime in the media would mean less crime on the street as there is no rational link between the two and visual crime will always be present.

Disneyland in Hong Kong Essay

1. Explain a person’s attitude towards visiting Disneyland in Hong Kong in terms of the tri-component model. A tri-component attitude model consists of three major components as affect, cognition and conation. It is implying that Disneyland in Hong Kong has the unique attraction towards the customer. The first part of this model refers to cognition that is knowledge and perception that are acquired by a combination of the attitude object and related information from different sources. With reference to visiting Disneyland in Hong Kong it is a great place to visit and have a fun with the kids, where people are able to rest from common daily activities. The cognitive component towards Disneyland is what people experienced by visiting this place and what information they got from various sources (friends, ads). Affective component considers a person’s feelings and emotional response to an attitude object. It is mostly learnt during our daily live. This is the way as we fee l. We may love the place as Disneyland. It gives joy, happiness and join the family. It could have a good emotion or feeling about it. Conation, the final component concerns how the consumer will behave with regard to attitude object. People will go and visit Disneyland in Hong Kong and spend time with the family there. 2. Explain how the product manager of a breakfast cereal might change consumer attitudes toward the company’s brand by: a. changing beliefs about the brand, b. changing beliefs about competing brands, c. changing the relative evaluation of attitudes, d. adding an attribute. The product manager might change consumer attitudes towards the company’s brand by different ways. It could be done by emphasizing the attributes the brand . a) Product manager might change consumer attitude toward the brand by changing beliefs about the brand. It mostly appeals from advertisement, so production manager should try to make customers willing to buy this product by successful ad with a ‘catchy’ affect, having a bit of fear and humour could be helpful. The way in which company can change beliefs about brand is putting less emphasis on product strength in its advertising and more emphasis on others value which cereal has. b) Product manager can change consumer attitude toward the brand by using a broad statement (for  example that only cereal with vitamins and dried fruit or corn are helpful) and or claim. It will allow to set the brand higher than competitors. c) People change their attitudes, so companies should be aware of it. They should go forward with changing environmental. As the current life style attempts to look for healthy food, it could be good crossing over from the existing to the new ones with dried fruit and some corns. d) As a production manager I will add such attributes as vitamins to breakfast cereal, making the product healthier. By adding this new formula it will put the brand higher than the others as the tendency is to buy healthy products and will change the customers’ attitude toward the brand. 3. What sources influenced your attitudes about studying buyer behaviour before classes started? Has your initial attitude changed since the unit started? If so, how? Social media and discussion with my colleagues had influenced my attitudes about studying buyer behaviour before my classes started. I found out that it could be very interesting to get know how consumer behaves in reply to different ads, promotions or tricks used by the producers. My initial attitudes were positive and motivation were on the highest level and so far nothing has changed. I still believe that studying buyer behaviour is interesting and can bring much knowledge that people don’t recognize in daily life during the shopping. What’s more I have a feeling that I am more experienced and have better view and understanding on different aspects and finally I hope I can still learn more and take as much as possible of the classes. 4. Should the marketer of a popular computer graphics program prefer consumers to make internal or external attributions about the success that people have using the program? Explain your answer. The marketer objective is to get consumers to try the product and then to evaluate it, so in direct marketing programs to target small consumer niches, the marketer should attribute internal and external. But external should be more major, but internal is not less important though. To sell as many computer graphics program as possible , the marketer has to tell people how good their product is and change their attitude to make them think it is the best graphics program. The consumers should know what benefits they will get by buying it, because consumer benefit perception is more than anything else. In this case also consumer lifestyle can change attitudes, so as a result they might change it to be attractive for customers. Internal are also important to  still develop the brand and make t he program the best on the market. 5. Find an ad for a free service trial (e.g. carwash, free brake check or a free software trial). What attributions would consumers make about the advertiser? What self-attributions would a consumer make if he or she accepted the trial offer? This offer make consumer interested because no cost needed to trial. So as a result customer is attracted and can make a judgment if it is worth of buying or not. No obligation with complimentary 3 Day Chair Assessment Service with selected chair/s and complimentary phone support during the trial. It will allow to check the product. 6. Find examples of advertising that uses fear and humour and discuss why you think they are effective or not effective. The first advertisement showing how tires of Yokohama keep the road uses humour. In my opinion it is very useful because attracts more customers, so the audience is increased and it is more effective. Easier to remember. The other advertisement concerns Lazer company. Wearing the helmet protected head. It uses fear and again is very effective. It stress the negative consequences. The sight of a man, wholly in plaster is not nice. In this way the must of wearing helmet is achieved.

Event Planning

Vietnam National University The University of Social Sciences and Humanities The Faculty of Oriental Studies BUSINESS ENGLISH: PLANNING EVENT SUCCESSFULLY Teacher: Tr? n Cao B? i Ng? c, M. A Student: Nguy? n Th? Thien Thanh Student code: 0665339 Class: Australian Studies 06 Ho Chi Minh City November 27th, 2009 CONTENT I. Pre-planning5 1. Forming a team and assigning tasks5 2. Brainstorming6 3. Defining your event7 4. 4. Setting program goals and objectives8 II. Planning stage8 1. Summary8 2. Planning9 1. Draft budget9 2. Event activity list/Create a plan of action12 3. After the event24 3. Create event timeline24 III. Evaluation of event27 INTRODUCTION Chances are, at some point in your life you have organized or helped organize an event. Remember your birthday parties growing up? There must have been some planning involved, such as guest lists and food. Accordingly, most planned events, especially in the business world, require prior arrangements and preparations. Planning conferences and meetings has ecome a skilled profession these days. Conference and meeting planners, also known as event planners organize, coordinate and run conventions and meetings and make sure they function smoothly without any glitches. These events range from first-birthday parties to political fundraisers, anniversaries, fashion shows, product launches, conferences, graduations, and reunions, to name just a few! According to a recent report, it takes about 15 0 hours for a planner, working with her staff, to produce a major event from start to finish. You do the math. Millions of events multiplied by hundreds of hours spent planning equals many, many opportunities for those entering this field. Events help our organizations educate the public about environmental issues, give the public a chance to get involved in campaigns, raise money, and publicize our organizations and their campaigns and activities. Events do not just magically come together. For every conference, concert, dinner, or lecture, a dedicate group of people worked together to plan and execute the event. Planning an event means more than just deciding to have one and trying to pull it together by the seat of your pants. Planning involves taking necessary steps to accomplish a goal. When events are planned, hang-ups, which often destroy an event, can be dealt with much more easily or sometimes are avoided all together. For example, events are often ruined when weather turns foul or a speaker drops out. However, if the event was planned, an alternative location can be booked, and backup activities planned in the absence of a speaker. These following steps to successful event planning will provide you the event planner with all the various important tasks involved in event planning. The keys to successful event planning will make your event a successful one, no matter how big or small the event, the purpose of the event or whether it is personal, business, entertainment or otherwise. I. Pre-planning: Pre-event planning, as outlined in this section, will be among the most important steps you will take on your path to a successful event. You may have heard the phrase, ‘‘If you don’t know where you are going, any path will take you there. ’’ It’s true. Without knowing where you are going and why, you might as well set out on your journey and be content wherever you happen to arrive. You would not start a family vacation with this attitude, would you? Thus, key factor to a successful event is that it is well planned with plenty of time to make sure things are done as required and within time frames set down. Depending upon the type of event, look to plan the event at least 6-9 months before the actual date happens to allow for success. This also allows for any potential problems to be resolved in plenty of time. Once you cycle through your first year, pre-event planning for the following year begins the day after your event. In other words, what is best and most successful is to never go out of business— to have one event’s conclusion lead directly into the next event’s preplanning. This is the best way for organizations to continue to improve, reduce burnout of staff, and break the cycle of reinventing the wheel. In fact, the more you follow planning as a continuum from one event to the next, the easier it gets to achieve success. 1. Forming a team and assigning Tasks First, running an event alone can be very difficult, so it’s important to recruit others to help. Be sure the members of the organization are invested in sponsoring the event. They will be more likely to follow through and participate in all the planning details if they feel a sense of ownership for the event. Designate a chair person for the event to coordinate and supervise the entire process. Be sure that all of your team to fill out all the proper forms and obtain signatures. †¢ List the interests, abilities, and talents of the people in the group. For instances, who like to plan, who are skilled at handling logistics (such as organizing parking, purchasing supplies, and coordinating volunteers), and who can come up with original ideas for event- and cause-related publicity. Provide opportunities for everyone to brainstorm ideas for the group’s work †¢ Trim down the list you develop and set some priorities. Factor in how well the ideas match the interests, abilities, and talents from the initial list. †¢ Put it all on a calendar, and then take into account other commitments, like exams, holidays, or other â€Å"busy times†. †¢ Assign coordination roles, tasks, and do a â€Å"reality check† on timetables and workload. Many groups create an overly ambitious plan the first time. †¢ Check in regularly on the progress of your plans. 2. Brainstorming You would be surprised on how many great ideas your group can get from a ten-minute brainstorm! Here’s how to do it: It is really important to create a basic planning framework at the start. It is surprising how often people get carried away by a big idea and rush into planning it, without thinking through who the message is aimed at, what kind of effect it will have on its audience or even what the objectives for it are. If you do not agree objectives early on, you will not be able to judge whether you are going to get the results you hope for. So, think through the answers to the following questions: The ‘5 Ws’ – why? who? what? where? when? – may seem blindingly obvious, but the answers will help keep your planning on course: WHY Why do we want to hold the event/action? What’s the nature of the opportunity? WHO Who will do it? Who are our potential allies? Who are our partners? Who is our target? Who do we want to influence? Who is our audience? Who will participate? Who is going to do all the work? WHAT What kind of event do we want to run? Outdoor? Indoor? Site-based? Is it business related, purely social, or somewhere in between: (Celebrations (fairs, parades, weddings, reunions, birthdays, anniversaries, first communions) (Education (conferences, conventions, meetings, graduations) (Promotions (product launches, political rallies, fashion shows, conventions) (Commemorations (memorials, civic events) WHERE Where do we want to do it? Venue? Site? Is the place available? Consider seating, parking, accessibility for people with disabilities, transportation, and any permit that may be required. WHEN When do we want to do it? Is it time critical? Is there an external agenda driving this? Is it weather-dependent? Will any other events conflict with your date? Finally there is one other vital question, and that is HOW How much is the event going to cost and where will the money come from? How long will your event last? Once you have concrete answers to the questions listed above, you are ready to move on to develop the program’s goals and objectives. 4. Setting program goals and objectives: One of the importance to pre-planning is setting objectives or goals. In order to do this, keep in mind these things. 1. Summary When planning an event need to consider a checklist of primary factors. They are: (Datewhen the event will be held. ? Locationwhat city or town it will be held in. ? Venuewhere will the project/event be held e. g. hotel, motel, conference centre. ? Budgetdraft budget – including expected income and expenditure. ? Speakerswho is going to speak/run the event. ? Inviteeswho are you targeting to attend the event. ? Sponsorscan you obtain sponsors for the event and who are they. ? Timelineproject plan timeline for the event including responsibilities for each item. Materialswhat information is required to give to attendees. ? Collationcollation of all material required for the event. ? Advertisinghow going to advert the event? And in what forms e. g. radio, newspaper, or email. ? Mediainvite media to attend event (if appropriate) or advertising of the event. 2. Planning At the initial meeting, need to set up a number of objectives and form a timeline for the project or even t. Important to plan the event with plenty of time to allow for all aspects of the event to happen without too many problems. Keep everyone in the loop so as all aware of what is happening and what every person is dealing with – means no double ups and some accountability to make sure everything is done correctly and within the time frame set. The â€Å"dates† on the timeline do not have to be set in concrete, but need to be flexible enough to make sure everything is covered. You should hold a meeting every two weeks with the committee/organizing group, just to check that everything is happening as it should be and everyone understands at what stage of the timeline the event is at. Be sure that: †¢ Assign tasks and roles appropriately †¢ Determine who will actually be executing the event †¢ Instruct clear expectations as to who will be responsible for each role and how exactly will they fill the role †¢ Involve as many people as you can because people enjoy supporting something that they played a part in planning/organizing 2. 1. Draft budget: Budgeting for an event reflects on a number of costs and needs to be as detailed as possible; otherwise, you can end up spending more than you anticipated. Therefore, identify the sources and amounts of potential revenue and expenses, and revise for realistic and necessary true cost and revenue updates. If you are not able to have exact figures for some of this, estimate – you can always correct this once you have confirmed figures and can change this for the final budget. (Speakers In initial contact with these people, check availability for the dates you have decided on. Establish with them if there are any costs to payment fee, airfares, and accommodation. Are there any additional costs like incidentals e. . taxi’s, meals? Is anyone accompanying them? Do they need transport? A key point to also ask is what are their requirements for the event e. g. are they presenting the topics on Power Point, can they supply with copy, how much material do they need for the handout material or folders? Note that your section would usually buy the speaker a gift of thanks so this cost needs to be put into the budget. All of this inform ation needs to be established at the start to give you an indication of what sort of costs will be required. (Venue Most places can send you pricing by email – this is helpful in preliminary draft budget planning. Pricing will reflect cost of room’s available (for the event), style of seating, pricing for food and beverages, electronic/AV requirements e. g. data projector. They may offer discounts on room hire or accommodation. Check when you need to confirm. (Sponsorship Need to look at whether we can get sponsorship for the event? And if so, in what form will it be e. g. money (donation towards costs), full cost or half cost of the event, may wish to pay for speakers only etc. What requirements do they have for handout material, if any? Can they supply pens, pads etc. Need to discuss this right at the beginning of planning the event and make sure decision is clear and in writing to all parties. Need to address and find out what they want out of the event and this in turn will affect the budgeting of both expenditure and income. (Event Materials Need to determine what is going to be given to the attendees. Need to follow your organization standard folder presentation. Need to design cover for each event and need to allow enough time for printing of covers and contents etc. Need sponsors logos (electronically). An agenda, contents page, list of attendees (if relevant) to event, evaluation form all need to be decided upon, the format designed and then allow time for printing plus collation of the material once printed. Need to allow time for couriering of information to venue (if necessary). All costs for this need to be examined and put into budget (Advertising and Media Here need to address who targeting to attend the event, how they will be invited e. g. invitation in mail, electronically. Some form of registration system to be put in place – ideally with one person only (so as not to duplicate any work and to have control over invoicing registrants etc). How much do we charge for registration fee Need to look at all costs (estimates) to ensure we have a successful registration fee. Do we need to involve the Media? – if so do they come to the event, can they assist in promoting the event before? Need to ask these kinds of questions and again look at relevant costs. (Note: a) Finance the event before it happens. Know where the money will be coming from. Never plan to finance an event from registration fees, ticket sales or gate receipts. b) A good way to finance an event is to create a fundraising arm of the production. *Note that the event itself and the fundraising effort should not be mixed. A good way to avoid any overlapping of the two is to assign a different planning team to the fundraising. These are two different responsibilities and they should b e planned separately. c) There are three types of fundraising effort to cover the cost. The first is a strategic alliance. Co-branding events not only provides more name recognition for your events, but it is also a way to help cover the expenses of the event. The second option to consider is sponsorship. This option allows you to generate money, but not share as much of the spotlight. The third option is charging for attendance. Depending on the type of event you hold this can be a positive or negative thing. EVENT BUDGET TEMPLATE Event: _____________________________ Date: ______________________________ |Expense |Estimated Cost |Actual Cost | |Facility Fee | | |Rentals (tables, dishes) | | | |Presenter/Entertainer Fee | | | |Audio/Visual Equipment | | | |Advertising/Promotion | | | |Printing | | | |Postage | | | |Food/Catering | | | |Decorations | | | |Transportation | | | |Security and Technicians | | | |Other ____________ | | | |Other ____________ | | | | | | | |Total Expenses: |_______________ |_______________ | Revenue |Estimated Revenue |Actual Revenue | |Ticket Sales | | | |Food Sales | | | |Vendo r Fees | | | |Event Sponsorship | | | |Donations | | |Other ____________ | | | |Other ____________ | | | | | | | |Total Revenue: |_______________ |_______________ | 2. 2. Event activity list/ Create a plan of action: The Events Activity List is good tool to use when organsing a function – as each point is raised and completed, it can be ticked off. This means nothing is forgotten and it is also a double check from the timeline document. Also if you are away for any reason, someone else can easily see at what stage you are up to with the event organization. ( Date: Set a date and check to make sure it doesn’t conflict with your target audiences industry dates, convention dates, holidays. Need to consider at least two dates so when planning the venue, you can work around any clashes that may occur. Have some dates in mind and contract the venues to see if they are available on those dates. ( Location When booking a venue, make sure it aligns with your objectives and goals. Look at your rough agenda and find out what the ideal space would be to accomplish the event's goals. ompany will incur for the event. Once you have outlined space needs for the event, brainstorm some perspective places for the event and make visits. Before you head over to visit a site, sketch a list of criteria and questions for the facility and its st aff. Visit several so you can make an effective comparison based on the event's needs and budget. Check list for facilities †¢ Is the venue centrally located? †¢ Does the venue provide plenty of parking? †¢ Is the venue located near public transportation? †¢ Will the venue support our food needs? †¢ Does the venue provide for adequate space? †¢ Will the venue support our technology needs ( Speakers and performances Before recruiting any speakers, decide what roles the speakers will play as well as how many speakers you will need in each role. Next, brainstorm a list of the people you would like to fill the roles you've defined. Next, start recruiting the speakers and performers. Start by making a packet with information about the event, your group, and a letter explaining why you want them to speak or perform at your event. Include a reply card and self-addressed, stamped envelope for your speaker prospects to return to you with their availability, contact information, title of their talk, audiovisual needs, how the speaker should be listed on the agenda, and housing, food, and travel needs. Send packets to all of the potential speakers on your brainstorm list. Once the packets have been out for about a week, make follow up calls. Follow up calls show your commitment to the event and make speakers feel more welcomed to the event. While on the phone, try to get a commitment and provide the speaker with all of the information they need to make a decision about attending the event. They need to supply you with their requirements for the event. What AV requirements do they have, are they bringing their presentation on disk or laptop? Do they need a data projector etc? What papers/material do they have for the folder(s)? Make them aware that we need this information at least a month and a half before the event, not the week before – not acceptable. If possible, make arrangements to accommodate the speaker's schedule and travel needs. In addition to your initial recruitment of speakers, you should also devise a backup plan for speakers. It's inevitable that one or more of your speakers will cancel closer to the event. If you are ready for cancellations, it will have little to no affect on the quality of your event. Go back to the list of speakers you brainstormed early in the planning. Make sure you have all necessary contact information and can reach each of them if you should need to. The back up plan will help your group plan ahead for possible pitfalls, making for smooth sailing no matter what curve ball is thrown your way. Contact speakers one week before the event and confirm their attendance, how they wish to be listed, and when and where they are speaking. Once a speaker arrives at the event, give her a name tag, remind her of when and where she is speaking, and make sure her needs have been met. Have a volunteer take the speakers to the space they will be using and make sure there is always someone available to introduce your speakers and performers to the audience. Finally, offer tokens of thanks and appreciation to the speakers and performers. Also we usually purchase a gift for overseas speakers – something based e. g. wood, stone etc ( Catering Depending on the facilities, you have several options for serving food. Initially you will need to consider what kind of food you will serve. Get quotes from different venues – look at cost and what they are offering. Is the food what you want? Can you change any menu supplied? Need to look at these sorts of things. No matter how you choose to feed the crowd, keep in mind dietary restrictions such as diabetics and restrictions on salt. Once decided on venue, look through menus and decide what you want to use for the event. Before you move on have an idea of the number of meals or snacks being served at the event and how many people you will need to feed. Closely estimate food amounts through a careful head count to minimize waste. Same with beverages as well. ( Equipment needs For every event you'll need to plan for equipment needs, which can include everything from tables and chairs to audio visual equipment to written materials. Take a look at your rough agenda and the list of requests from speakers and performers. Then, make a list of all of the equipment you will need for the event. Also, sketch out the layout for the event. Now, use the checklist below to prepare the equipment for the event. Make sure you leave room in your timeline and budget for acquiring the equipment you need. Some venues allow you to bring in your own equipment or equipment that you have hired specifically for the event as well. Checklist of Possible Equipment Needs: ? overhead projector ? VCR/TV ? microphones flip charts with markers ? dry erase/chalk boards with markers or chalk ? cups and fresh water ? podium ? megaphone Have to decide who you are targeting for the event. Then decide what kind of invitation you want i. e. printed invitation, electronic email flyer, booklet etc . All of these will have different costs associated and all costs need to be budgeted for. Also a time frame for getting anything printed – allow 2-3 weeks 2 months before, so will be able to send out the printed invitations 4-5 weeks ahead of the event and arrange to have follow up calls i. e. someone to ring every single person who has not replied about their attendance to the event. It is time consuming but done properly usually can increase numbers significantly as not everyone replies to invites, often they just arrive. This doesn’t help your section with catering, handout materials or seating for the event or budgeting so it’s important to follow up. Suggest once you have an invitation list (either printed or electronic) supply list to Administrator so they can confirm attendance/non attendance of invitees. ( Publicity This is promotions or basically letting people know about the event. *Remember part of a successful event is to actually have patrons. Without satisfactory support your event cannot be counted a success. This area requires much attention and effort. It may also be a long- term process. Remember that the advertising should be geared towards the participants you want to target. This is things you will need to take to the event such as handouts, paper, markers and white board, name tag etc. (Name badges (usually Administrator) need t o be made 1-1/2 weeks before the event. Be sure to consist of persons name and organization (do not put titles etc). Include badges for speakers as well. paper, stapler, scissors, paper clips, drawing pins and anything else that people may ask for or that you can use so as not having to ask the venue as sometimes they don’t have them. Gifts for speakers/guests especially overseas guests are necessary. Decide on awards items and identify sources to purchase them. Add cost into the budget for this. Needs to be gift wrapped and have a thank you card attached. ( Photographer If you need one for the event, book them well ahead of the event, as they are hard to get, would suggest 3-4 months before and again ring 2-3 people and get quotes. Once booked put all contact details on sheet for ease of access by anyone else who may have to contact them. Make sure they understand what your company wants from the photos. ( Logistics & Contingency Plans Good logistics planning ensures your event will run smoothly. Prior to the event you need to send out communications to event staff. Staffing to schedule: Receptionist – Make sure they are prepped with a cheat sheet if people call. Technical Staff – Make sure they are standing by and know you need the servers to be free of any large processing. Runners – Get a few people to help as needed. Train Runner and Receptionist and create information cards. Q&A Managers – Have someone assigned to handle the Q&A and chat. Plants or audience seeds – Have someone dialed in and armed with a few questions to get the Q&A rolling if necessary. Reserve the following: Technology – Phone lines and Web technology for all calls (test yourself before sending out. and make arrangements for the archive recording. Rooms – Made available for presenters and support team for all calls. Equipment – Laptops, servers, phones, back-up equipment, etc. for all calls. Contingency Plans: Backup Equipment – Modem and remote. Communication Line – Have a direct line with the operator at all times. Send your team and speakers an e-mail with everyone’s contact information in case there is a problem. ( Emergency Services (such as ambulance service, secured money transfers and handling through a reputable security company). These need to be on the scene or on call during the event *Very important The little things make a big difference: Always do â€Å"one more check† to validate the logins and phone numbers. Have water near each speaker. Have notepads and paper available. Print hard copies of all the presentations – One copy for you and one for each speaker. Test backup equipment. Create and post â€Å"quiet signs. † REMEMBER – Over-communicating is better than under-communicating! Constantly send reminder notes during the event process and planning stages. ( Running Sheet This is a breakdown of the event on the day, broken into 10-15 minute intervals (see example). All staff and speakers/guests will get one of these so as they know exactly what is happening on the day and who is speaking and for how long. There is protocol to follow when scheduling speakers as well. Here’s a sample checklist for an event that will help you work out what needs to be done and make everyone’s jobs easy to follow. Date (function date) | | |Start time | | |Finish time | | |Location address | | |Location phone number | | VIP’s | |Name |Position |Organization |Phone number | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Special Men tions | |Name |Position |Organization |Phone number | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Key Contacts | |Name |Position |Organization |Phone number | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RUNNING SHEET | |Item |Action |Responsibility |Budget |Deadline |Completed | | |Required | | | | | |SIGNAGE | | | | | | |Production | | | | | | |Quantity | | | | | | |Delivery | | | | | | |Placement | | | | | | |Removal | | | | | | |Storage | | | | | | |Other | | | | | | | | | | | | |SECURITY | | | | | | |Venue | | | | | | |Hospitality | | | | | | |Cash | | | | | | |Other | | | | | | | | | | | | | |TICKETING | | | | | | |Branding | | | | | | |Quantity | | | | | | |Staff | | | | | | |Outlets | | | | | | |Other | | | | | | 2. 3. After the Event The final stage of the event entails cleaning up and thanking everyone who helped make the event happen. Organize a clean-up crew to make sure the facility is as clean. Do not forget to send thank you notes to speakers, performers, organizations, and volunteers who made the event a success. After all is said and done, get together with the members of your group and evaluate the event. Discuss what worked well and what should be changed for next year. Do not forget to look at whether or not the event accomplished its goals. Finally, celebrate your accomplishment and reflect on a job well done. 2. Create event timeline: (One year: Set date and site for your event Develop goals and objectives for the event Develop the theme for event Draft version of revenue & expense budget. If this is a fundraising event, contact the Office of College Development, Marketing & PR. (Six Months: Negotiate facilities, services, and contracts Prepare Event time table Construct a realistic budget for event. Building revenue sources is very important. Set event pricing. Leadership structure of event identified Specify staff responsibilities Create a plan for use of volunteers: how many needed & outline of duties Establish publicity plan in conjunction with Office of College Development, Marketing & PR Prepare press releases Design draft of invitation package & related materials Prepare guest lists Draft program and script Negotiate for special speakers Get lists of A-V equipment needed by all participants Negotiate with site and catering managers Solicit or purchase giveaways and/or souvenirs (Three Months: Clarify details and instructions for menus, receptions Arrange site layout, sound & decorating Complete in-kind solicitations Prepare checklist for items & people you need at event Arrange for a photographer Arrange for recording/taping Finalize design for invitation, program & materials (Two Months: Event invitations mailed Monitor invitation response Fine tune event schedule Fine tune event program timeline (One Month: Make or order final visuals Order necessary signage Alert press if coverage is desired Make detailed arrangement charts Arrange for last minute reproduction of papers, handouts, if needed Confirm all agreements in writing with speakers, suppliers, etc. (Two Weeks: Assemble checklist & materials for event Prepare releases for invited media Arrange for any VIP transportation, such as out-of-town invited speaker pickup at airport Reconfirm all arrangements with suppliers (food, shipping, audio-visual, etc) Set seating charts if needed Schedule any rehearsals needed (One Week: Prepare name badges Order any VIP amenities (Two days: Go over your checklist Review plans with Leadership Check on arrival of all shipped materials and equipment Secure storage of materials and equipment Check handout materials Reconfirm photographer (One Day: Check weather report for possible effect on event Review plans with electrician and other facilities staff Arrange to meet speakers and special guests Distribute duplicate event setup plans to staff Final briefings to staff on responsibilities Finalize meal guarantee if necessary with caterer Dress rehearsal (Two hours: Check room/venue setup Check micros and PA equipment Check A/V equipment Arrange handout materials for use Check for necessary personnel Check for signage in place (One Hour: Introduce invited speakers to other participants Check on place cards, if appropriate Check on recording/taping operator Check lectern light and stage props Give program participants any last minute instructions (After the event: Pay all invoices Write thank you notes and send gifts Complete your expenditures and match to budget After the event, it is crucial for the group to evaluate your efforts. The evaluation process should consist of the following: (Audience feedback Make sure that you conduct an honest evaluation of the event for a greater chance of future success. Brainstorm a list of the things that worked and made the conference a success and a list of the things you would change the next time the group organizes a conference. Ask questions such as: (Did you feel the event’s goals and objectives were accomplished? (What area(s) did you think went well? (What area(s) did you think could have used improvements? (Which vendors should be used again? (Which vendors should not be used again? (What items/services were missing? (Was the event well attended? (Was informal and formal feedback about the event positive? You can distribute the evaluation by mail, email or having it available on your organization’s website/event website. Keep evaluations on file for future reference and record in a place where future members of the group will be able to learn from your efforts. It is important to remember to celebrate your success and to thank everyone who contributed to the success of the event! CONCLUSION In many ways, event planning is linked to advertising and marketing. The planner needs to imagine the event is a product or brand, and then develop and promote it in a creative way. Ultimately, what’s important is that the attendees (the consumers) have a positive experience that leaves them feeling good about the organizers. The same applies whether the organizer is a business, charity or family. You need to be a well organized worker who is skilled in co-ordination, particularly with regard to logistics. Your presentation and communication skills should be excellent, and you should be able to motivate other people. Knowledge of marketing and press relations is invaluable, along with a creative approach to solving problems and ‘making things happen’. Above all, you must be a hard worker, who is prepared to put in extra hours to ensure that the job gets done within budget and on time. This work requires perfection, so you must be willing to pay attention to every detail. Not every event will fit perfectly into the following schedule and you’ll have to use your best judgement on handling last minute mishaps that may happen despite superb co-ordination and arrangements. â€Å"Event Planning† has become more of a necessity nowadays. It has become a fundamental part of the society, to help us to run smoothly the events, with everything professionally organized. No doubt, time is money nowadays and managing events at such short notices becomes even more impossible. Especially when behind every function success is to be certain. That’s why, we Event Planners are here for. Making every occasion more unique, outstanding, lively and of course memorable that every attendees admire. As long as you have the desire, your rewarding is your clients’ satisfactory. REFERENCES Vietnamese 1. Nguy? n Van K? t, CD-Rom Tai li? u mon Nghi? p v? thu ky van phong 2. PGS. TS. D? ng Th? Thanh Phuong, ThS. Nguy? n Th? Ng? c An, Nghi? p v? thu ky giam d? c th? i d? i m? i, NXB Th? ng Ke. Websites 1. http://www. tuvannhansu. om/cong-nghe-cham-soc-khach-hang/cong-viec-thuong-ngay-cua-dich-vu-khach-hang/102 2. http://www. tuvannhansu. com/cong-nghe-cham-soc-khach-hang/cong-viec-thuong-ngay-cua-dich-vu-khach-hang/97 3. http://www. snc. edu/planning/program. html 4. http://docs. google. com/viewer? a=v&q=cache:5KR8QIMiwbQJ:www. feministcampus. org/fmla/pro gram-materials/pdf/6 EventPlanning%2520thru%2520Public%2520Speaking. pdf+planning+event+successfully&hl=vi&gl=vn&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgeL87csTsCUPENPIDFJaZDY8wSPoKRETYYrbx3EehSnzVVWY419IrG PCtBXBdHIF_24Da9BhjQHoH99ZN4gM_BGpwlPXIuRynGW0PFrXAxW7-oF7A95hm0BHL120w0CliGmvEj&sig=AHIEtbT9Fp8dgvD44PJCZqPLmt4Zz0Mncg 5. http://www. girlmeetsbusiness. com/plan-event